The Defence Nuclear Enterprise: A Landscape Review

15th June 2018

At this crucial time in the programme, the Ministry of Defence (the Department) needs to ensure it manages its costs, people, contractors and schedule effectively to maintain the Defence Nuclear Enterprise, says the report published in May 2018 by the National Audit Office (NAO).

In Caithness there is one site - Vulcan next to the nuclear establishment at Dounreay. Vulcan is a test facility for Pressurised Water Reactors.

The Department maintains a submarine-based nuclear deterrent to support the Government's national security policy. To do this, the Department relies on a network of programmes, equipment and people, often referred to as the Nuclear Enterprise. This work includes designing, producing and maintaining submarines and nuclear warheads, and providing the necessary estate, people and support. The new Dreadnought-class submarines will gradually replace the four Vanguard-class boats from the early 2030s. The Department announced the start of construction in October 2016.

In 2018-19, the Department forecasts to spend £5.2 billion across the Enterprise, which represents 14% of the Department's overall budget. It includes £1.8 billion on procuring and supporting submarines, £1.4 billion on the missiles and warheads, £790 million on the propulsion systems and £220 million on managing the Enterprise.

The majority of Enterprise spending relates to nuclear equipment and support programmes, with the Department estimating it will spend £50.9 billion on these between 2018 and 2028. To make the Enterprise affordable, the Department has had to cut costs, identify efficiencies and re-programme work. Without this, the Enterprise could destabilise the Department's overall equipment plan as around a quarter of its equipment expenditure for 2018 to 2028 relates to nuclear programmes.

Looking ahead, the Department faces the challenge of needing to bridge a £2.9 billion affordability gap from 2018 to 2028. This assumes the Department realises £3 billion of efficiencies over the next 10 years. The Department may need to make further use of contingency funding. It has already received, in agreement with HM Treasury, access to £600 million of Dreadnought specific contingency for 2018-19 to ensure it can deliver within its initial 2015 whole-life cost forecast.

In the last two years, the Department has reorganised how it manages the Enterprise. The Strategic Defence and Security Review (SDSR) 2015 set out a commitment to improve clarity over the governance and decision-making for the Enterprise, which had become fragmented under the Department's devolved model. The Department has implemented most of its commitments by establishing a single point of accountability for the Enterprise, and creating two new organisations - the Defence Nuclear Organisation (DNO) and the Submarine Delivery Agency (SDA).

The Department took 18 months to introduce the revised arrangements outlined in SDSR 2015. Both the DNO and SDA are still filling recognised skills gaps, including to some senior finance and commercial positions. During this time, the Department also had to agree critical submarine production contracts. In March 2018 it entered into contracts worth £960 million for the second phase of Dreadnought production and £1.5 billion for the seventh and final Astute-class submarine.

The Department uses four main contractors (BAE Systems, Babcock, Rolls-Royce and AWE Management Limited) for 97% of its Enterprise-related contracts by value. These contractors in turn use around 1,500 sub-contractors, many of which are small and specialist. The Department must also meet its own contractual responsibilities for providing, for example, nuclear reactor components to its main submarine production contractor.

The Department has introduced new ways of working with its contractors to try to address historic poor performance. From 1 April 2018, BAE Systems, Rolls-Royce and the SDA are working together on building the Dreadnought-class submarine to joint costs and schedules. The Department hopes this will improve performance in delivering the Enterprise through a combination of better project controls, stronger collaboration and information sharing, and more rigorous oversight.

Delivering and operating programmes across the Enterprise requires a wide range of military and civilian skills that are in short supply nationally. In January 2018 the Department identified a shortage of 337 skilled personnel across seven military nuclear specialisms. In response, the Department has developed skills programmes and is consolidating submarine-related training at its naval base in Scotland.

The complexity of the Enterprise means the Department must coordinate around 75 programmes, and manage knock-on effects between programmes. For example, the timeframe for Dreadnought submarine production will be affected by progress with other submarine builds and will influence the support and maintenance requirements for in-service submarines. Astute-class submarines are an average of 27 months behind schedule. Given the limited space available, the Department also needs to coordinate its estate plans to ensure it has the facilities to maintain its submarines, such as sufficient dock capacity, and also decommission and dismantle 20 boats which have left service.

Amyas Morse, head of the NAO said, "Ten years on, some of the significant risks the NAO highlighted in our last report, around costs, skills, commercial relationships and delivery to schedule, remain. "The Department has now made some positive changes as to how it manages the Nuclear Enterprise and has agreed commercial arrangements designed to improve cost and performance. The coming years are crucial. As the Department invests heavily in the Dreadnought-class submarines and more widely across the Enterprise, it needs to ensure that the new structures, processes and workforce operate effectively together to manage the £2.9 billion affordability gap across the Enterprise."

Key Facts

49 number of years the Royal Navy has operated the continuous at sea deterrent

£5.2bn estimated expected spend on the Nuclear Enterprise (the Enterprise) in 2018-19, 14% of the defence budget

10 number of in-service nuclear submarines as at March 2018

£50.9 billion expected spend on Enterprise equipment and support programmes in the 10 years, 2018 to 2028

£2.9 billion gap between the expected spend on equipment and support and available budget, 2018 to 2028

97% percentage of Enterprise contracts, by value, held by four main contractors, 2017-18

30,000 estimated number of people involved in the Enterprise, March 2018

337 shortage of skilled military Royal Navy nuclear staff across seven areas, January 2018

20 number of submarines awaiting disposal, March 2018

£4.9 billion initial forecast cost of 52 in-progress estate upgrade programmes over their lifetime

Current submarines

(in-service date)

Vanguard class

1 HMS Vanguard (1993)

2 HMS Victorious (1995)

3 HMS Vigilant (1996)

4 HMS Vengeance (1999)

Trafalgar class

1 HMS Trenchant (1989)

2 HMS Talent (1990)

3 HMS Triumph (1991)

Astute class

4 HMS Astute (2010)

5 HMS Ambush (2013)

6 HMS Artful (2016)

See the full report at

https://www.nao.org.uk/report/the-defence-nuclear-enterprise-a-landscape-review/